- 4 - Messina v. Burden, 228 Va. 301, 313 (1984) (quoting James v.Jane, 221 Va. 43, 53 (1980)).If the facts of the case meet the criteria of the test, application of sovereign immunity is appropriate. Heider v. Clemons, 241 Va. 143, 145 (1991).Only the fourth factor is disputed